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[灌水]绝对吐血的考题
| <P>明天下午考的国际经济学复习内容，美国人写的书，书里面没答案的，自己归纳分析。</P><P>绝对优势 <SPAN lang=EN-US>absolute advantage</SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT size=1>自由放任 <SPAN lang=EN-US>laissez faire</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>比较优势 <SPAN lang=EN-US>comparative advantage</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>生产可能性边界 <SPAN lang=EN-US>production possibilities frontier(PPF)</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>埃奇沃思盒状图 <SPAN lang=EN-US>Edgeworth box diagram</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>如果在一种商品的生产中，<SPAN lang=EN-US>MPPL/MPK</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>小于<SPAN lang=EN-US>w/r，为什么说生产者未位于生产者均衡点上？在不改变厂商预算规模及给定的要素相对价格的前提下，解释一下厂商如何提高其产出水平？</SPAN> in the production of a good is less than w/r, why is the producer not in producer equilibrium? Explain how, with no change in budget size for the firm and with the given factor price ratio, output of the firm can be increased.</P><P></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>消费收益（或交换收益） <SPAN lang=EN-US>consumption gain(or gains from exchange</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>生产收益（或专业化收益） <SPAN lang=EN-US>production gain(or gains from specialization)</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>解释“交换收益”（消费收益）与“专业化收益”（生产收益）的差别。<SPAN lang=EN-US>Explain the difference between the “gains from exchange”(consumption gain) and the “gains from specialization”(production gain)</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>美国与古巴之间已超过<SPAN lang=EN-US>35年不开展贸易了，解除禁令的压力不断增加。结束禁止贸易的反对者认为，美国与古巴之间的贸易开放只会使古巴获利，从而使得与潜在的古巴的出口商品竞争的美国生产者受损，并伤害美国的利益。运用你在这一章中所学到的知识评价这一观点。The United States has an embargo on trade with Cuba for more than 35 years, but pressure is increasing to relax it. Opponents of ending the embargo argue that opening trade between the United States and Cuba would benefit only Cuba and hurt the United States by injuring U.S. producers of goods that compete with potential Cuban exports. Evaluate this position utilizing what you have learned in this chapter.</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>提供曲线 <SPAN lang=EN-US>offer curve</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>1990年8月，许多国家为了报复伊拉克入侵科威特的行为而决定拒绝同伊拉克进行贸易（除了食品和一些人道主意商品以外）。在这种“禁运”的情况下，伊拉克的贸易条件和贸易额将会产生什么样的变化？请用提供曲线来表示并解释你的答案。In August 1990, many countries decided to retaliate against Iraq for its invasion of Kuwait by refusing to trade with Iraq (except in food and humanitarian goods). With such an “embargo” in place, what conceptually would happen to Iraq’s term of trade and volume of trade? Illustrate and explain your answer using offer curves.</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>在<SPAN lang=EN-US>20世纪70年代，OPEC的成员国一方面能够大幅度地提高石油的相对价格，但另一方面，出口量的下降却相对较小，因此他们实际上能够提高从石油购买者手中所获得的利益。请描述一下进口国提供曲线的可能形状，这种形状使得OPEC的成员国能够成功地实施它们的贸易战略。In the 1970s, the members of OPEC were able to raise the relative price of petroleum by a large amount with a relatively small decrease in export volume, thereby increasing substantially the revenues they received from the buyers of their petroleum exports. Describe the likely shapes of the offer curves of the importing countries-shapes that enabled the OPEC countries to pursue their trade strategy successfully.</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000>需求逆转 <SPAN lang=EN-US>demand reversal</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US>赫克谢尔－奥林理论 <SPAN lang=EN-US>Hechscher-Ohlin theorem</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>如果比利时的资本、土地的比率高于法国，比利时将向法国出口哪些种类的产品？为什么？<SPAN lang=EN-US>If the K/land ratio for Belgium is higher than that for France, what kind of products might Belgium export to France? Why?</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>运用固定要素模型，解释为什么你可能会发现在资本富裕的国家，某些资本所有者和劳动者集团反对扩大贸易？<SPAN lang=EN-US>Using the specific-factors model, explain why you might expect to see certain capital owner and labor groups arguing against expanding trade in a capital-abundant country.</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P>在赫克谢尔－奥林模型中，由于运输成本的存在，不可能发生完全的要素价格相等化的现象。”你是否同意此观点，请解释。<SPAN lang=EN-US>”Within the Heckscher-Ohlin framework, complete factor price equalization cannot be achieved in the presence of transportation costs.” Agree? Disagree? Explain.</SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US>里昂剔夫悖论 <SPAN lang=EN-US>Leontief statistic</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>如果你曾到国外旅行，你所观察到的是否能够证明这样一个观点，即一国的需求结构反映了国内消费者更偏爱用该国相对富裕的生产要素生产出来的商品？<SPAN lang=EN-US>If you have traveled in a foreign country, would your observations cinfirm the view that the country’s demand patterns reflect consumer preferences in that country for goods produced with the country’s relatively abundant factor of production?</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>行业内贸易 <SPAN lang=EN-US>intra-industry trade</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>在决定模仿滞后和需求滞后的长度时，哪些要素起着重要的作用？请解释。<SPAN lang=EN-US>What factors are important in determining the length of the imitation lag and the length of the demand lag? Explain.</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>-<SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>区别“行业内贸易”与“行业间贸易”很有用吗？为什么？<SPAN lang=EN-US>Is the distinction between “intra-industry trade” and “inter-industry trade” a useful distinction? Why or why not?</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>外国直接投资 <SPAN lang=EN-US>foreign direct investment</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>运用赫克谢尔－奥林模型和<SPAN lang=EN-US>Rybczynski定理来解释，对发展中国家的实务资本投资如何影响贸易？Explain how real capital investment in developing country affects trade, using the Heckscher-Ohlin model and the Rybczynski theorem.</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>请解释为什么近年来，在美国有关移民政策的问题日益收到人们的关注。减少合法的以及非法的移民可能会对美国的经济产生什么样的影响？<SPAN lang=EN-US>Briefly explain why there is increasing concern about immigration policy in the United States in recent years. What effects might reducting the inflow of migrants, both legal and illegal, have on economy?</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>进口配额 <SPAN lang=EN-US>import subsidies</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>从量税 <SPAN lang=EN-US>specific tariff</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>近来出现了一种称为“自动进口扩张”的贸易政策，特别是在评论日本国内来自美国的进口中的政策诱发性增长时会有所述及。请回忆本章所探讨的政策工具，说明一种对某一特定伙伴国的进口扩张是如何达成的。<SPAN lang=EN-US>An emerging concept in trade policy is called <I>voluntary import expansions </I>(VIES), discussed especially in the context of proposed Japanese-policy-induced increases in its imports from the United States. Recalling the policy instruments discussed in this chapter, how might such an import expansion from a particular trading partner be accomplished?</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><P>生产者剩余 <SPAN lang=EN-US>producer surplus</SPAN></SPAN><P><SPAN lang=EN-US>消费者剩余 <SPAN lang=EN-US>consumer surplus</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>请解释在其他条件相同的情况下，为何出口补贴在“大”国情况下要比在“小”国情况下造成的损失更大？<SPAN lang=EN-US>Explain why an export subsidy is more costly in the case of a large country than in the case of a small country, other things being equal. </SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>寻租活动 <SPAN lang=EN-US>rent-seeking activity</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>中点选民模型 <SPAN lang=EN-US>median-voter model</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>请解释在中点选民模型中为什么少数人能从明显损及大多数人及国家整体利益的限制性贸易政策中获得净收益的两个原因。<SPAN lang=EN-US>Explain two reasons why a minority in a media-voter model in able to obtain net benefits through a restrictive trade policy that clearly harms the majority group and the country as a whole.</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>双边贸易谈判在哪些方面优于多边贸易谈判？多边贸易谈判又在哪些方面优于双边贸易谈判？<SPAN lang=EN-US>In what respects might bilateral trade negotiations be superior to multilateral trade negotiations be superior to bilateral trade negotiations.</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN><P><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>请解释为什么一国政府在收入分配问题上的承诺会使政府向保护贸易主义的方向发展。如果收入分配是一项关键目标的话，是否将不可避免地产生这类保护主义的政策？<SPAN lang=EN-US>Explain why a government’s commitment to income distribution issues can cause policy to be protectionist. Is such policy inevitable if income distribution is a key target?</SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></P><p>［此帖子已被 松鼠 在 2005-1-21 0:35:21 编辑过］ |
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